Published in The Ecologist, 5th March 2014, under the title, ‘Fracking is the death spasm of a defunct economic order’
By Paul Mobbs, Mobbs’ Environmental Investigations and Research, February 2014.
For five years Paul Mobbs has been working on ‘unconventional gas’ (aka. ‘fracking’) in Britain. Over recent months that work has taken him to communities across England and Wales. What he has discovered along the way is that the political support for unconventional gas is not just about energy; it reflects the greater ecological crisis at the root of our current economic woes.
For eight months I’ve been travelling around England and Wales talking about ‘unconventional gas’ – shale gas[1], coal-bed methane[2] and underground coal gasification[3], which the media often erroneously conflate as ‘fracking’[4]. This intensive period of work began last June, and continued into 2014 to meet the continued requests for talks. In particular I’ve tried to tour those areas next in line for extreme energy[5] developments – South Wales[6], The Marches[7] and the South Midlands[8].
Travelling has its fringe benefits. I get to read a lot; whiling away the hours on trains or in cafés, moving between consecutive events or home. 2013 saw the publication of the largest number of new scientific papers and reports on the unconventional gas issue. As I’ve been travelling to tell others ‘what I know’, I’ve also used that time to extend and refine my work – tailoring it to incorporate the new research published over the past year.
Thus far the debate around unconventional gas/fracking has focussed on pollution, flammable water, earthquakes, noise, toxic fumes, climate change, etc. As a result people mainly focus on the “what?”, or at a local level the “where?”, of the issue. My research leads me toward one single question… “why?”[9].
It’s only by asking “why?”, and finding the evidence to support that analysis, that we can make sense of what is otherwise such a senseless policy. Trouble is, that question produces a very unpopular answer!
With regards to the “what?” and “where?” issues, there’s plenty of evidence available to settle the arguments already highlighted by the media debate. For example:
The arguments for cheap and plentiful shale gas?[10] – they’re based upon wishful thinking rather than hard fact, are biased towards the business interests[11] of the energy service[12] and investment industries[13] involved, cannot be supported by objective data from the USA[14], and are not supported by other energy economists[15], economic consultants[16] or even Cuadrilla’s Chairman and Government non-executive minister, Lord Browne[17];
The lower carbon emissions from shale gas promoted by recent government reports?[18] – that’s not what has been found from actual measurements in the field[19], and that specific claim is based upon an unrepresentative ‘non-randomised’ survey[20] by a university department which has previously fallen foul of reporting its conflicts of interest[21];
The argument that Britain can regulate fracking safely?[22] – that’s not what experience tells us from the USA[23], and the United Nations Environment Programme has stated[24] that even with the best regulation pollution is still inevitable;
The lack of evidence for health effects from shale production, again trumpeted in recent government reports?[25] – again, that’s not supported by recent studies[26], media reports[27], or investigations into the process used[28] to create that Government-backed health study.
The difficulty is that, irrespective of how much evidence exists to challenge the official/Government line, it’s practically irrelevant because they don’t want to hear it! It’s for this reason that we must put the “why?” question instead.
Over recent months I’ve talked to action groups, local councillors, people in village and town halls, and students in lecture theatres. People often think that I do these talks just to tell people ‘what I know’. In fact I also study people’s reactions to what I say, and take mental notes on the questions and discussions afterwards. By studying these I can refine how I present and argue my work so that other people might understand it better in the future.
However, I find that of late I’m having problems presenting the ‘fracking’ issue. The evidence I’m reviewing, and my efforts to create a holistic view of the issue, are dragging me towards a specific vision of its underlying causes. Unfortunately both the general public and some environmentalists have problems following me down this route. I can’t explain the full details within the space available here, but I will summarise the main points.
The greater unspoken issue here is the ideological clash between different views of economic theory. Under the traditional economic view, energy is just another price factor[29] in the economy. In contrast, recent research suggests that energy and resource prices are far more significant[30] within the process of technological development[31]and the creation of economic growth.
Energy’s impact on the economy is perhaps ten times its nominal value[32]. It’s high energy and resource prices which drive our economic woes today, not simply debt. Proposals for unconventional gas in Britain do nothing to change that[33]; shale gas is more expensive than the “conventional” sources we rely upon today. Therefore no matter how quickly we roll-out projects we’re never going to solve our fundamental economic problems.
It’s at this point that I experience the greatest resistance to the message regarding the relationship between economics, energy and the environment. That’s because our ecological problems are multi-faceted; i.e., this is not just a carbon issue[34]. In addition to the ecological economics debate[35], we’re now at peak oil[36] too – and that’s going to force a resolution to this issue whether we like it or not. Irrespective of which ideological camp you’re in, this message doesn’t have a “positive side”; what we’re talking about here is economic degrowth[37].
In short, if you want to know why the Government is so bent upon fracking, or setting fire to coal seams underground, it’s quite simple really – there’s no high quality fossil fuels left to burn to keep “business as usual” working!
Unfortunately resistance to the issue of “ecological limits” extends well beyond business and politics. Some environmentalists have difficulties with the realities of “limits” too. For example, to mark the fortieth anniversary of the book, ‘The Limits to Growth’[38], there was a conference held in Washington[39]. Entitled, ‘Perspectives on Limits to Growth 2012’[40], it was hosted at the Smithsonian Institute, and organised by the Smithsonian Institute and the Club of Rome… And the whole day was almost entirely ignored by the world’s media and – rather inexplicably – by much of the environment movement!
As part of our opposition to fracking we have to be absolutely clear about why it will not do what is claimed of it. Yes, there’s plenty of evidence to say that unconventional gas production is bad. There’s equally compelling evidence that, irrespective of the option the Government chooses, we will still not solve our economic difficulties by any “growth” solution[41] either. It is economic growth and consumption within a finite environment which are the problem[42]. It’s only by changing the economic process itself, to adapt to the ecological limits acting upon the human system, that we can tackle the inter-related issues of resource depletion, climate change and ecological degradation.
Extreme energy technologies do nothing to help us achieve those ends. They are a forlorn attempt to stave off the inevitable moment when that change in economic objectives must come.
Paul Mobbs is an independent environmental consultant, researcher and author; for further infromation go to Paul’s web site.
References:
- Wikipedia: ‘Shale gas’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_gas
- Wikipedia: ‘Coalbed methane’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
- Wikipedia: ‘Underground coal gasification’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification
- Wikipedia: ‘Hydraulic fracturing’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing
- Extreme Energy Initiative – http://extremeenergy.org/
- ‘Extreme Energy in South Wales’ – http://www.fraw.org.uk/extreme_swales/
- ‘Extreme Energy in The Marches’ – http://www.fraw.org.uk/extreme_marches/
- ‘Extreme Energy in South Midlands’ – http://www.fraw.org.uk/extreme_southmids/
- My current presentations around the extreme energy/ecological limits issue are title, “why?” –
for recent examples goto http://www.fraw.org.uk/mei/index.shtml#meilatest - UK Shale Gas – where are we now?, Pöyry Management Consulting, 17th February 2014 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/poyry_2014.pdf
- “Foot on the gas”: Lobbyists push for unregulated shale gas in Europe, Laura Weis, Corporate Europe Observatory, November 2012 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/ceo_2012.pdf
- Disclosing The Facts: Transparency And Risk In Hydraulic Fracturing Operations, Richard Liroff, Danielle Fugere, Lucia von Reusner, Steven Heim, Leslie Samuelrich, Investor Environmental Health Network, 7th November 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/liroff_2013.pdf
- Shale And Wall Street: Was The Decline In Natural Gas Prices Orchestrated?, Deborah Rogers, Energy Policy Forum, February 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/rogers_2013.pdf
- Unconventional wisdom: An economic analysis of US shale gas and implications for the EU, Thomas Spencer, Oliver Sartor, Mathilde Mathieu, Institut du développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, February 2014 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/iddri_2014.pdf
- A reality check on the shale revolution, J. David Hughes, Nature, vol.494 pp.307-308, 21st February 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/hughes_2013.pdf
- The economic impact on UK energy policy of shale gas and oil, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 30th September 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/bloomberg_2013.pdf
- Lord Browne: fracking will not reduce UK gas prices, Guardian On-line, 29th November 2013 – http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/29/browne-fracking-not-reduce-uk-gas-prices-shale-energy-bills
- Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use, David J.C, MacKay, Timothy J. Stone, Department of Energy and Climate Change, 9th September 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/decc_2013-2.pdf
- For example see:
Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field, Anna Karion et. al., Ceres, 27th August 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/karion_2013.pdf
Enrichment of Radon and Carbon Dioxide in the Open Atmosphere of an Australian Coal Seam Gas Field, Tait et. al., Environmental Science and Technology, vol.47 pp.3099-3104, 27th February 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/tait_2013.pdf
Methane leaks erode green credentials of natural gas, Jeff Tollefson, Nature, vol.493 p.12, 3rd January 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/tollefson_2013.pdf
Hydrocarbon emissions characterization in the Colorado Front Range: A pilot study, Pétron et. al., Journal Of Geophysical Research, vol.117 no.D4, 27th February 2012 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/petron_2012.pdf
- Gas Industry Study: New EDF And Gas Industry Methane Emission Study Is Not Representative Of US Natural Gas Development, Not The Promised Definitive Study, Seth B. Shonkoff, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy, 16th September 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/pse_allen_2013.pdf
- For example see:
Conflicts of interest in new fracking emissions study, Public Accountability Initiative, 16th September 2013 – http://public-accountability.org/2013/09/conflicts-of-interest-in-new-fracking-emissions-study/
In Wake of Scathing Review of Fracking Report, University of Texas Revises Conflict of Interest Policies, Eliot Marshall, Science, 7th December 2012 –http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2012/12/wake-scathing-review-fracking-report-university-texas-revises-conflict
- About shale gas and hydraulic fracturing (fracking), Department for Energy and Climate Change, 30th July 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/decc_2013.pdf
- For example see:
- Historical Analysis Of Oil And Gas Well Plugging In New York: Is The Regulatory System Working?, Ronald E. Bishop, New Solutions, vol.23 no.1 pp.103-116, January 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/bishop_2013.pdf
- Fluid Migration Mechanisms Due To Faulty Well Design And/Or Construction: An Overview And Recent Experiences In The Pennsylvania Marcellus Play, Anthony R. Ingraffea, Physicians Scientists & Engineers for Healthy Energy, January 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/ingraffea_2013.pdf
- Pennsylvania, other states confirm water pollution from natural gas drilling, Associated Press/Pennlive, 5th January 2014 –http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/01/pennsylvania_other_states_conf.html
- Gas fracking: Can we safely squeeze the rocks?, Pascal Peduzzi, Ruth Harding, UNEP, November 2012 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/unep_geas_2012.pdf
- Review of the Potential Public Health Impacts of Exposures to Chemical and Radioactive Pollutants as a Result of Shale Gas Extraction, Kibble et. al., Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, 30th October 2013 http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/phe_2013.pdf
- For example see:
- Birth Outcomes and Maternal Residential Proximity to Natural Gas Development in Rural Colorado, McKenzie et. al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 28th January 2014 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/mckenzie_guo_2014.pdf
- An Exploratory Study of Air Quality near Natural Gas Operations, Colborn et. al., Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, vol.20 no.1 pp.86-105, January 2014 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/colborn_2014.pdf
- Is fracking good for your health?: An analysis of the impacts of unconventional gas on health and climate, Jeremy Moss, Alicia Coram, Grant Blashki, The Australia Institute, 27th November 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/australia_inst_2013.pdf
- Fracking, the Environment, and Health: New energy practices may threaten public health, Ruth McDermott-Levy, Nina Kaktins, Barbara Sattler, American Journal of Nursing, vol.113 no.6 pp.45-51, June 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/ajn_2013.pdf
- Symptomatology of a gas field: An independent health survey in the Tara rural residential estates and environs, Geralyn McCarron, April 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/extreme/mccarron_2013.pdf
- For example see:
- Fracking the Eagle Ford Shale: Big Oil and Bad Air on the Texas Prairie, Weather Channel/Center for Public Integrity, February 2014 –http://stories.weather.com/fracking
- Air Pollution Destroys Health of Texas Fracking Communities, Environmental News Service, 20th September 2013 – http://ens-newswire.com/2013/09/20/air-pollution-destroys-health-of-texas-fracking-communities/
- Getting real about regulation – why it won’t make fracking safe, Brian Davey, Feasta, 11th February 2014 – http://www.feasta.org/2014/02/11/getting-real-about-regulation-why-it-wont-make-fracking-safe/
- Wikipedia: ‘Factors of production’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factors_of_production
- On the practical limits to substitution, Robert U. Ayres, Ecological Economics, vol.61 pp.115-128, 15th February 2007 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/economics/ayers_2007.pdf
- The grand challenge of the energy transition, Ugo Bardi, Frontiers in Energy Research, vol.1 art.2, 29th August 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/energy/bardi_2013.pdf
- The Second Law of Economics: Energy, Entropy, and the Origins of Wealth, Reiner Kümmel, Springer, 2011
- The Purposely Confusing World of Energy Politics, Richard Heinberg, Resilience, 11th February 2014 – http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-02-11/the-purposely-confusing-world-of-energy-politics
- Climate Change: The Wrong Top Priority for Environmentalists and Conservation Professionals, The Daly News, 27th January 2014 –http://steadystate.org/climate-change-the-wrong-top-priority-for-environmentalists-and-conservation-professionals/
- For example see:
Time to leave GDP behind, Costanza et. al., Nature, vol.505 pp.283-285, 16th January 2014 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/economics/costanza_2014.pdf
Ecological Economics Comes of Age, Brian Czech, Supply Shock: Economic Growth at the Crossroads and the Steady State Solution, chapter 6, May 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/peakoil/czech_2013.pdf
Ecological Economics, Joshua Farley, The Post Carbon Reader Series, 2010 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/economics/farley_2010.pdf
Energy Return On Investment, Charles A. S. Hall, Post Carbon Institute, 2012 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/energy/hall_2012.pdf
- For example see:
Oil’s Tipping Point has Passed, James Murray, David King, Nature, vol.481 pp.433-435, 26th January 2012 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/peakoil/murray_king_2012.pdf
Economic vulnerability to Peak Oil, Kerschner et. al., Global Environmental Change, 13th October 2013 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/peakoil/kerschner_2013.pdf
Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil, Charles A.S. Hall, John W. Day, American Scientist, vol.97, May 2009 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/peakoil/hall_2009.pdf
- Wikipedia: ‘Degrowth’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth.
See also, The economics of degrowth, Giorgos Kallis, Christian Kerschner, Joan Martinez-Alier, Ecological Economics, vol.84 pp.172-180, 21st September 2012 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/economics/kallis_2012.pdf - Wikipedia: ‘The Limits to Growth’ – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_To_Growth
- Looking Back on the Limits of Growth: Forty years after the release of the ground-breaking study, were the concerns about overpopulation and the environment correct?, Mark Strauss, Smithsonian magazine, April 2012 – http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Looking-Back-on-the-Limits-of-Growth.html
- Smithsonian Institute YouTube Playlist: ‘Perspectives on Limits to Growth 2012’ – http://www.youtube.com/playlist? list=PL2817969CA87E5B47
- A Comparison Of The Limits To Growth With Thirty Years Of Reality, Graham Turner, CSIRO, June 2008 – http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/limits/csiro_2008.pdf
- Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anne H. Ehrlich, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol.280 no.1754, 7th March 2013 –http://www.fraw.org.uk/files/limits/ehrlich_2013.pdf